Stash fast-path information for extensions on the ExtensionInfo. In
the usual case where an ExtensionType's underlying implementation is
an *ExtensionInfo, fetching the fast-path information becomes a type
assertion rather than a mutex-guarded map access.
Maintain a global sync.Map for the case where an ExtensionType isn't an
*ExtensionInfo.
Substantially improves performance for fast-path operations on
extensions:
Encode/MessageSet_type_id_before_message_content-12 267ns ± 1% 185ns ± 1% -30.44% (p=0.001 n=7+7)
Encode/basic_scalar_types_(*test.TestAllExtensions)-12 1.94µs ± 1% 0.40µs ± 1% -79.32% (p=0.000 n=8+7)
Change-Id: If048b521deb3665a090ea3d0a178c61691d4201e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/protobuf/+/210540
Reviewed-by: Joe Tsai <joetsai@google.com>