format
======

Format is an open-source C++ library that provides
string formatting functionality similar to `str.format
<http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`__
in Python.

Features
--------

* `Format string syntax`_ similar to the one used by `str.format
  <http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`__ in Python.
* Support for user-defined types.
* High speed: performance of the current implementation is close to that of
  ``printf`` and better than performance of IOStreams. See `Speed tests`_.
* Small code size both in terms of source code (format consists of a single
  header file and a single source file) and compiled code.
  See `Compile time and code bloat`_.
* Reliability: the library has an extensive set of `unit tests
  <https://github.com/vitaut/format/blob/master/format_test.cc>`__.
* Safety: the library is fully type safe, errors in format strings are
  reported using exceptions.
* Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external dependencies,
  permissive BSD `license`_.

Examples
--------

This prints "Hello, world!" to stdout:

.. code-block:: c++

    fmt::Print("Hello, {0}!") << "world";

Arguments are accessed by position and arguments' indices can be repeated::

    std::string s = str(fmt::Format("{0}{1}{0}") << "abra" << "cad");
    // s == "abracadabra"

An object of any user-defined type for which there is an overloaded
``std::ostream`` insertion operator (``operator<<``) can be formatted::

    class Date {
      int year_, month_, day_;
     public:
      Date(int year, int month, int day) : year_(year), month_(month), day_(day) {}

      friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Date &d) {
        os << d.year_ << '-' << d.month_ << '-' << d.day_;
        return os;
      }
    };

    std::string s = str(fmt::Format("The date is {0}") << Date(2012, 12, 9));
    // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"

You can use ``fmt::ActiveFormatter`` to create your own functions
similar to ``fmt::Format`` and ``fmt::Print`` with an arbitrary action
performed when formatting is complete::

    struct PrintError {
      void operator()(const fmt::Formatter &f) const {
        std::cerr << "Error: " << f.str() << std::endl;
      }
    };

    // Formats an error message and prints it to std::cerr.
    fmt::ActiveFormatter<PrintError> ReportError(const char *format) {
      fmt::ActiveFormatter<PrintError> af(format);
      return af;
    }

    ReportError("File not found: {0}") << path;

Format string syntax
--------------------

A format string can contain "replacement fields" delimited by curly
braces ``{}``.  Text outside of braces is copied unchanged to the output.
If you need to include a brace character in the literal text, it can be
escaped by doubling: ``{{`` and ``}}``.

The grammar for a replacement field is as follows:

.. parsed-literal::

  `replacement_field`: "{" `arg_index` [":" `format_spec`] "}"
  `arg_index`: integer
  `format_spec`: ["+"]["0"][`width`]["." `precision`][`type`]
  `width`: integer
  `precision`: integer | "{" `arg_index` "}"
  `type`: "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "o" | "p" | "s" | "x" | "X"

Preceding the `width` field with ``0`` forces the padding to be placed
after the sign (if any) but before the digits. This is used for printing
fields in the form ``+000000120``. This option is only valid for numeric types.

Motivation
----------

So why yet another formatting library?

There are plenty of methods for doing this task, from standard ones like
the printf family of function and IOStreams to Boost Format library and
FastFormat. The reason for creating a new library is that every existing
solution that I found either had serious issues or didn't provide
all the features I needed.

Printf
~~~~~~

The good thing about printf is that it is very fast and readily available
being the part of the C standard library. The main drawback is that it
doesn't support user-defined types. Printf also has safety issues although
they are mostly solved with `__attribute__ ((format (printf, ...))
<http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html>`__ in GCC.
There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required for
`i18n <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization>`__
to printf but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
platforms.

IOStreams
~~~~~~~~~

The main issue with IOStreams is best illustrated with an example::

    std::cout << std::setprecision(2) << std::fixed << 1.23456 << "\n";

which is a lot of typing compared to printf::

    printf("%.2f\n", 1.23456);

Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat referred to this situations with
IOStreams as "chevron hell". IOStreams doesn't support positional arguments
by design.

The good part is that IOStreams supports user-defined types and is safe
although error reporting is awkward.

Boost Format library
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This is a very powerful library which supports both printf-like format
strings and positional arguments. The main its drawback is performance.
According to various benchmarks it is much slower than other methods
considered here. Boost Format also has excessive build times and severe
code bloat issues (see `Benchmarks`_).

FastFormat
~~~~~~~~~~

This is an interesting library which is fast, safe and has positional
arguments. However it has significant limitations, citing its author:

    Three features that have no hope of being accommodated within the
    current design are:

    * Leading zeros (or any other non-space padding)
    * Octal/hexadecimal encoding
    * Runtime width/alignment specification

It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, STLSoft, which might be
too restrictive for using it in some projects.

Loki SafeFormat
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TODO

Tinyformat
~~~~~~~~~~

This library supports printf-like format strings and is very small and
fast. Unfortunately it doesn't support positional arguments and wrapping
it in C++98 is somewhat difficult.  However if you only need a type-safe
printf replacement with support for user-defined types, I highly recommend
this library.

Benchmarks
----------

Compile time and code bloat
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Speed tests
~~~~~~~~~~~

The following speed tests results were generated by building
``tinyformat_test.cpp`` on Ubuntu GNU/Linux 12.10 with
``g++-4.7.2 -O3 -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the best of three
runs.  In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"`` or
equivalent is filled 2000000 times with output sent to ``/dev/null``; for
further details see the `source
<https://github.com/vitaut/tinyformat/blob/master/tinyformat_test.cpp>`__.

============== ========
test name      run time
============== ========
libc printf     1.27s
std::ostream    2.10s
format          1.36s
tinyformat      2.63s
boost::format  10.36s
============== ========

As you can see boost::format is much slower than the alternative methods; this
is confirmed by `other tests <http://accu.org/index.php/journals/1539>`__.
Tinyformat is quite good coming close to IOStreams.  Unfortunately tinyformat
cannot be faster than the IOStreams because it uses them internally.
Performance of format is close to that of std::ostream but there is a room for
improvement since format is not based on IOStreams.

The script ``bloat_test.sh`` from the `tinyformat
<https://github.com/c42f/tinyformat>`__ repository tests compile time and
code bloat for nontrivial projects.  It generates 100 translation units
and uses ``printf()`` or its alternative five times in each to simulate
a medium sized project.  The resulting executable size and compile time
(g++-4.7.2, Ubuntu GNU/Linux 12.10, best of three) is shown in the following
tables.

**Non-optimized build**

====================== ================== ==========================
test name              total compile time executable size (stripped)
====================== ================== ==========================
libc printf            2.8s               44K  (32K)
std::ostream           12.9s              84K  (60K)
format                 16.0s              152K (128K)
tinyformat             20.6s              240K (200K)
boost::format          76.0s              888K (780K)
====================== ================== ==========================

**Optimized build (-O3)**

====================== ================== ==========================
test name              total compile time executable size (stripped)
====================== ================== ==========================
libc printf            3.5s               40K  (28K)
std::ostream           14.1s              88K  (64K)
format                 25.1s              552K (536K)
tinyformat             56.3s              200K (164K)
boost::format          169.4s             1.7M (1.6M)
====================== ================== ==========================

Printf and std::ostream win here which is not surprising considering
that they are included in the standard library. Tinyformat has somewhat
slower compilation times compared to format. Interestingly optimized
executable size is smaller with tinyformat then with format and for
non-optimized build its the other way around. Boost::format has by far
the largest overheads.

Running the tests
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To run the tests you first need to get the format repository with submodules::

    $ git clone --recursive git://github.com/vitaut/format.git

Then go to the format directory and generate Makefiles with
`CMake <http://www.cmake.org/>`__::

    $ cd format
    $ cmake .

Next use the following commands to run the speed test::

    $ make speed_test

or the bloat test::

    $ make bloat_test

License
-------

Copyright (c) 2012, Victor Zverovich
All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

Acknowledgments
---------------

The benchmark section of this readme file and the performance tests are taken
from the excellent `tinyformat <https://github.com/c42f/tinyformat>`__ library
written by Chris Foster.  Boost Format library is acknowledged transitively
since it had some influence on tinyformat.
Some ideas used in the implementation are borrowed from `Loki
<http://loki-lib.sourceforge.net/>`__ SafeFormat and `Diagnostic API
<http://clang.llvm.org/doxygen/classclang_1_1Diagnostic.html>`__ in
`Clang <http://clang.llvm.org/>`__.
Format string syntax is based on Python's `str.format
<http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`__.