diff --git a/include/fmt/core.h b/include/fmt/core.h
index 3cc4b8a3..92797da3 100644
--- a/include/fmt/core.h
+++ b/include/fmt/core.h
@@ -646,16 +646,6 @@ class basic_parse_context : private ErrorHandler {
   basic_string_view<Char> format_str_;
   int next_arg_id_;
 
- protected:
-  constexpr bool check_no_auto_index() {
-    if (next_arg_id_ > 0) {
-      on_error("cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
-      return false;
-    }
-    next_arg_id_ = -1;
-    return true;
-  }
-
  public:
   using char_type = Char;
   using iterator = typename basic_string_view<Char>::iterator;
@@ -679,7 +669,14 @@ class basic_parse_context : private ErrorHandler {
   // Returns the next argument index.
   constexpr unsigned next_arg_id();
 
-  constexpr void check_arg_id(unsigned) { check_no_auto_index(); }
+  constexpr bool check_arg_id(unsigned) {
+    if (next_arg_id_ > 0) {
+      on_error("cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+      return false;
+    }
+    next_arg_id_ = -1;
+    return true;
+  }
   void check_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
 
   constexpr void on_error(const char *message) {
@@ -750,8 +747,9 @@ class arg_map {
 };
 
 template <typename Range, typename Context>
-class context_base : public basic_parse_context<typename Range::value_type> {
+class context_base {
  private:
+  basic_parse_context<typename Range::value_type> parse_context_;
   Range range_;
   basic_format_args<Context> args_;
 
@@ -761,7 +759,7 @@ class context_base : public basic_parse_context<typename Range::value_type> {
 
   context_base(Range range, basic_string_view<char_type> format_str,
                basic_format_args<Context> args)
-  : basic_parse_context<char_type>(format_str), range_(range), args_(args) {}
+  : parse_context_(format_str), range_(range), args_(args) {}
 
   basic_format_args<Context> args() const { return args_; }
 
@@ -769,19 +767,28 @@ class context_base : public basic_parse_context<typename Range::value_type> {
   format_arg do_get_arg(unsigned arg_id) {
     format_arg arg = args_[arg_id];
     if (!arg)
-      this->on_error("argument index out of range");
+      parse_context_.on_error("argument index out of range");
     return arg;
   }
 
   // Checks if manual indexing is used and returns the argument with
   // specified index.
   format_arg get_arg(unsigned arg_id) {
-    return this->check_no_auto_index() ?
+    return this->parse_context().check_arg_id(arg_id) ?
       this->do_get_arg(arg_id) : format_arg();
   }
 
  public:
-  basic_parse_context<char_type> &parse_context() { return *this; }
+  constexpr basic_parse_context<char_type> &parse_context() {
+    return parse_context_;
+  }
+
+  internal::error_handler error_handler() {
+    return parse_context_.error_handler();
+  }
+
+  void on_error(const char *message) { parse_context_.on_error(message); }
+
   Range range() { return range_; }
 };
 
@@ -846,7 +853,9 @@ class basic_context :
                 basic_format_args<basic_context> args)
     : base(range, format_str, args) {}
 
-  format_arg next_arg() { return this->do_get_arg(this->next_arg_id()); }
+  format_arg next_arg() {
+    return this->do_get_arg(this->parse_context().next_arg_id());
+  }
   format_arg get_arg(unsigned arg_id) { return this->do_get_arg(arg_id); }
 
   // Checks if manual indexing is used and returns the argument with
@@ -959,7 +968,8 @@ class basic_format_args {
 
   unsigned max_size() const {
     int64_t signed_types = static_cast<int64_t>(types_);
-    return signed_types < 0 ? -signed_types : internal::MAX_PACKED_ARGS;
+    return signed_types < 0 ?
+          -signed_types : static_cast<int64_t>(internal::MAX_PACKED_ARGS);
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/include/fmt/format.h b/include/fmt/format.h
index 58ea7d9c..f78294cc 100644
--- a/include/fmt/format.h
+++ b/include/fmt/format.h
@@ -1556,7 +1556,7 @@ class specs_handler: public specs_setter<typename Context::char_type> {
 
   template <typename Id>
   constexpr basic_arg<Context> get_arg(Id arg_id) {
-    context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    context_.parse_context().check_arg_id(arg_id);
     return context_.get_arg(arg_id);
   }
 
@@ -2519,7 +2519,6 @@ void basic_writer<Range>::write_double(T value, const format_specs &spec) {
   *format_ptr = '\0';
 
   // Format using snprintf.
-  char_type fill = internal::char_traits<char_type>::cast(spec.fill());
   unsigned n = 0;
   char_type *start = 0;
   for (;;) {
@@ -2908,7 +2907,7 @@ void vformat_to(typename ArgFormatter::range out,
 
     void on_arg_id() { arg = context.next_arg(); }
     void on_arg_id(unsigned id) {
-      context.check_arg_id(id);
+      context.parse_context().check_arg_id(id);
       arg = context.get_arg(id);
     }
     void on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
@@ -2916,7 +2915,7 @@ void vformat_to(typename ArgFormatter::range out,
     }
 
     void on_replacement_field(iterator it) {
-      context.advance_to(pointer_from(it));
+      context.parse_context().advance_to(pointer_from(it));
       using internal::custom_formatter;
       if (visit(custom_formatter<Char, Context>(context), arg))
         return;
@@ -2925,10 +2924,11 @@ void vformat_to(typename ArgFormatter::range out,
     }
 
     iterator on_format_specs(iterator it) {
-      context.advance_to(pointer_from(it));
+      auto& parse_ctx = context.parse_context();
+      parse_ctx.advance_to(pointer_from(it));
       using internal::custom_formatter;
       if (visit(custom_formatter<Char, Context>(context), arg))
-        return iterator(context);
+        return iterator(parse_ctx);
       basic_format_specs<Char> specs;
       using internal::specs_handler;
       internal::specs_checker<specs_handler<Context>>
@@ -2936,7 +2936,7 @@ void vformat_to(typename ArgFormatter::range out,
       it = parse_format_specs(it, handler);
       if (*it != '}')
         on_error("missing '}' in format string");
-      context.advance_to(pointer_from(it));
+      parse_ctx.advance_to(pointer_from(it));
       visit(ArgFormatter(out, context, specs), arg);
       return it;
     }
diff --git a/include/fmt/printf.h b/include/fmt/printf.h
index 856c62a6..24019082 100644
--- a/include/fmt/printf.h
+++ b/include/fmt/printf.h
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ typename basic_printf_context<Range, AF>::format_arg
     basic_printf_context<Range, AF>::get_arg(iterator it, unsigned arg_index) {
   (void)it;
   if (arg_index == std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max())
-    return this->do_get_arg(this->next_arg_id());
+    return this->do_get_arg(this->parse_context().next_arg_id());
   return Base::get_arg(arg_index - 1);
 }
 
@@ -417,8 +417,7 @@ unsigned basic_printf_context<Range, AF>::parse_header(
 template <typename Range, typename AF>
 void basic_printf_context<Range, AF>::format() {
   auto &buffer = this->range().container();
-  Base &base = *this;
-  auto start = iterator(base);
+  auto start = iterator(this->parse_context());
   auto it = start;
   using internal::pointer_from;
   while (*it) {
diff --git a/test/format-test.cc b/test/format-test.cc
index 58347d9e..f728faeb 100644
--- a/test/format-test.cc
+++ b/test/format-test.cc
@@ -1694,6 +1694,7 @@ struct test_context {
 
   void on_error(const char *) {}
 
+  constexpr test_context &parse_context() { return *this; }
   constexpr test_context error_handler() { return *this; }
 };